Operators and expressions

In Python most of the lines you will write will be expressions. Expressions are made of operators and operands. An expression is like 2 + 3 .

Operators

Operators are the symbols which tells the Python interpreter to do some mathematical or logical operation. Few basic examples of mathematical operators are given below:

>>> 2 + 3
5
>>> 23 - 3
20
>>> 22.0 / 12
1.8333333333333333

To get floating result you need to the division using any of operand as floating number. To do modulo operation use % operator

>>> 14 % 3
2

Example of integer arithmetic

The code

#!/usr/bin/env python3
days = int(input("Enter days: "))
months = days / 30
days = days % 30
print("Months = %d Days = %d" % (months, days))

The output

$ ./integer.py
Enter days: 265
Months = 8 Days = 25

In the first line I am taking the input of days, then getting the months and days and at last printing them. You can do it in a easy way

#!/usr/bin/env python3
days = int(input("Enter days: "))
print("Months = %d Days = %d" % (divmod(days, 30)))

The divmod(num1, num2) function returns two values , first is the division of num1 and num2 and in second the modulo of num1 and num2.

Relational Operators

You can use the following operators as relational operators

Relational Operators

Operator	Meaning
<	Is less than
<=	Is less than or equal to
>	Is greater than
>=	Is greater than or equal to
==	Is equal to
!=	Is not equal to

Some examples

>>> 1 < 2
True
>>> 3 > 34
False
>>> 23 == 45
False
>>> 34 != 323
True

// operator gives the floor division result

>>> 4.0 // 3
1.0
>>> 4.0 / 3
1.3333333333333333

Logical Operators

To do logical AND , OR we use and ,*or* keywords. x and y returns False if x is False else it returns evaluation of y. If x is True, it returns True.

>>> 1 and 4
4
>>> 1 or 4
1
>>> -1 or 4
-1
>>> 0 or 4
4

Shorthand Operator

x op = expression is the syntax for shorthand operators. It will be evaluated like x = x op expression , Few examples are

>>> a = 12
>>> a += 13
>>> a
25
>>> a /= 3
>>> a
8
>>> a += (26 * 32)
>>> a
840

shorthand.py example

#!/usr/bin/env python3
N = 100
a = 2
while a < N:
    print("%d" % a)
    a *= a

The output

$ ./shorthand.py
2
4
16

Expressions

Generally while writing expressions we put spaces before and after every operator so that the code becomes clearer to read, like

a = 234 * (45 - 56.0 / 34)

One example code used to show expressions

#!/usr/bin/env python3
a = 9
b = 12
c = 3
x = a - b / 3 + c * 2 - 1
y = a - b / (3 + c) * (2 - 1)
z = a - (b / (3 + c) * 2) - 1
print ("X = ", x)
print ("Y = ", y)
print ("Z = ", z)

The output

$ ./evaluationexp.py
X =  10
Y =  7
Z =  4

At first x is being calculated. The steps are like this

9 - 12 / 3 + 3 * 2 -1
9 - 4 + 3 * 2 - 1
9 - 4 + 6 - 1
5 + 6 - 1
11 - 1
10

Now for y and z we have parentheses, so the expressions evaluated in different way. Do the calculation yourself to check them.

Type Conversions

We have to do the type conversions manually. Like

float(string) -> float value
int(string) -> integer value
str(integer) or str(float) -> string representation
>>> a = 8.126768
>>> str(a)
'8.126768'

evaluateequ.py

This is a program to evaluate 1/x+1/(x+1)+1/(x+2)+ ... +1/n series upto n, in our case x = 1 and n =10

#!/usr/bin/env python3
sum = 0.0
for i in range(1, 11):
    sum += 1.0 / i
    print("%2d %6.4f" % (i , sum))

The output

$ ./evaluateequ.py
1 1.0000
2 1.5000
3 1.8333
4 2.0833
5 2.2833
6 2.4500
7 2.5929
8 2.7179
9 2.8290
10 2.9290

In the line sum += 1.0 / i what is actually happening is sum = sum + 1.0 / i.

quadraticequation.py

This is a program to evaluate the quadratic equation

#!/usr/bin/env python
import math
a = int(input("Enter value of a: "))
b = int(input("Enter value of b: "))
c = int(input("Enter value of c: "))
d = b * b - 4 * a * c
if d < 0:
    print("ROOTS are imaginary")
else:
    root1 = (-b + math.sqrt(d)) / (2.0 * a)
    root2 = (-b - math.sqrt(d)) / (2.0 * a)
    print("Root 1 = ", root1)
    print("Root 2 = ", root2)

salesmansalary.py

In this example we are going to calculate the salary of a camera salesman. His basic salary is 1500, for every camera he will sell he will get 200 and the commission on the month’s sale is 2 %. The input will be number of cameras sold and total price of the cameras.

#!/usr/bin/env python
basic_salary = 1500
bonus_rate = 200
commision_rate = 0.02
numberofcamera = int(input("Enter the number of inputs sold: "))
price = float(input("Enter the total prices: "))
bonus = (bonus_rate * numberofcamera)
commision = (commision_rate * numberofcamera * price)
print("Bonus        = %6.2f" % bonus)
print("Commision    = %6.2f" % commision)
print("Gross salary = %6.2f" % (basic_salary + bonus + commision))

The output

$ ./salesmansalary.py
Enter the number of inputs sold: 5
Enter the total prices: 20450
Bonus        = 1000.00
Commision    = 2045.00
Gross salary = 4545.00