# Data Structures¶

Python has a few built-in data structures. If you are wondering what a data structure is, it is nothing but a way to store data and having particular methods to retrieve or manipulate it. We already encountered lists before; now we will go in some depth.

## Lists¶

>>> a = [23, 45, 1, -3434, 43624356, 234]
>>> a.append(45)
>>> a
[23, 45, 1, -3434, 43624356, 234, 45]


At first we created a list a. Then to add 45 at the end of the list we call the a.append(45) method. You can see that 45 is added at the end of the list. Sometimes it is necessary to insert data at any place within the list, for that we have insert() method.

>>> a.insert(0, 1) # 1 added at the 0th position of the list
>>> a
[1, 23, 45, 1, -3434, 43624356, 234, 45]
>>> a.insert(0, 111)
>>> a
[111, 1, 23, 45, 1, -3434, 43624356, 234, 45]


count(s) will return you the number of times s is in the list. Here we are going to check how many times 45 is there in the list.

>>> a.count(45)
2


If you want to remove any particular value from the list you have to use the remove() method.

>>> a.remove(234)
>>> a
[111, 1, 23, 45, 1, -3434, 43624356, 45]


Now to reverse the whole list

>>> a.reverse()
>>> a
[45, 43624356, -3434, 1, 45, 23, 1, 111]


We can store anything in the list, so first we are going to add another list b in a; then we will learn how to add the values of b into a.

>>> b = [45, 56, 90]
>>> a.append(b)
>>> a
[45, 43624356, -3434, 1, 45, 23, 1, 111, [45, 56, 90]]
>>> a[-1]
[45, 56, 90]
>>> a.extend(b) #To add the values of b not the b itself
>>> a
[45, 43624356, -3434, 1, 45, 23, 1, 111, [45, 56, 90], 45, 56, 90]
>>> a[-1]
90


Above you can see how we used the a.extend() method to extend the list. To sort any list we have sort() method. The sort() method will only work if elements in the list are comparable. We will remove the list b from the list and then sort.

::
>>> a.remove(b)
>>> a
[45, 43624356, -3434, 1, 45, 23, 1, 111, 45, 56, 90]
>>> a.sort()
>>> a
[-3434, 1, 1, 23, 45, 45, 45, 56, 90, 111, 43624356]


You can also delete an element at any particular position of the list using the del keyword.

>>> del a[-1]
>>> a
[-3434, 1, 1, 23, 45, 45, 45, 56, 90, 111]


## Using lists as stack and queue¶

Stacks are often known as LIFO (Last In First Out) structure. It means the data will enter into it at the end, and the last data will come out first. The easiest example can be of couple of marbles in an one side closed pipe. So if you want to take the marbles out of it you have to do that from the end where you inserted the last marble. To achieve the same in code

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a.pop()
6
>>> a.pop()
5
>>> a.pop()
4
>>> a.pop()
3
>>> a
[1, 2]
>>> a.append(34)
>>> a
[1, 2, 34]


We learned a new method above pop(). pop(i) will take out the ith data from the list.

In our daily life we have to encounter queues many times, like at ticket counters or in the library or in the billing section of any supermarket. Queue is the data structure where you can append more data at the end and take out data from the beginning. That is why it is known as FIFO (First In First Out).

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> a.append(1)
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1]
>>> a.pop(0)
1
>>> a.pop(0)
2
>>> a
[3, 4, 5, 1]


To take out the first element of the list we are using a.pop(0).

## List Comprehensions¶

List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. Each list comprehension consists of an expression followed by a for clause, then zero or more for or if clauses. The result will be a list resulting from evaluating the expression in the context of the for and if clauses which follow it.

For example if we want to make a list out of the square values of another list, then

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]
>>> [x ** 2 for x in a]
[1, 4, 9]
>>> z = [x + 1 for x in [x ** 2 for x in a]]
>>> z
[2, 5, 10]


Above in the second case we used two list comprehensions in a same line.

## Tuples¶

Tuples are data separated by commas.

>>> a = 'Fedora', 'Debian', 'Kubuntu', 'Pardus'
>>> a
('Fedora', 'Debian', 'Kubuntu', 'Pardus')
>>> a[1]
'Debian'
>>> for x in a:
...     print(x, end=' ')
...
Fedora Debian Kubuntu Pardus


You can also unpack values of any tuple into variables, like

>>> divmod(15,2)
(7, 1)
>>> x, y = divmod(15,2)
>>> x
7
>>> y
1


Tuples are immutable, meaning that you can not del/add/edit any value inside the tuple. Here is another example

>>> a = (1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> del a[0]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion


As you can see above, Python gives an error when we try to delete a value in the tuple.

To create a tuple which contains only one value, type a trailing comma.

>>> a = (123)
>>> a
123
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> a = (123, ) #Look at the trailing comma
>>> a
(123,)
>>> type(a)
<class 'tuple'>


Using the built-in function type() you can know the data type of any variable. Remember the len() function we used to find the length of any sequence?

>>> type(len)
<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>


## Sets¶

Sets are another type of data structure with no duplicate items. We can apply mathematical set operations on sets.

>>> a = set('abcthabcjwethddda')
>>> a
{'a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd', 'h', 'j', 't', 'w'}


And some examples of the set operations

>>> a = set('abracadabra')
>>> b = set('alacazam')
>>> a                                  # unique letters in a
{'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'}
>>> a - b                              # letters in a but not in b
{'r', 'd', 'b'}
>>> a | b                              # letters in either a or b
{'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
>>> a & b                              # letters in both a and b
{'a', 'c'}
>>> a ^ b                              # letters in a or b but not both
{'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}


To add or pop values from a set

>>> a
{'a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd', 'h', 'j', 'q', 't', 'w'}
>>> a.add('p')
>>> a
{'a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd', 'h', 'j', 'q', 'p', 't', 'w'}


## Dictionaries¶

Dictionaries are unordered set of key: value pairs where keys are unique. We declare dictionaries using {} braces. We use dictionaries to store data for any particular key and then retrieve them.

>>> data = {'kushal':'Fedora', 'kart_':'Debian', 'Jace':'Mac'}
>>> data
{'kushal': 'Fedora', 'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian'}
>>> data['kart_']
'Debian'


We can add more data to it by simply

>>> data['parthan'] = 'Ubuntu'
>>> data
{'kushal': 'Fedora', 'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian', 'parthan': 'Ubuntu'}


To delete any particular key:value pair

>>> del data['kushal']
>>> data
{'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian', 'parthan': 'Ubuntu'}


To check if any key is there in the dictionary or not you can use in keyword.

>>> 'Soumya' in data
False


You must remember that no mutable object can be a key, that means you can not use a list as a key.

dict() can create dictionaries from tuples of key,value pair.

>>> dict((('Indian','Delhi'),('Bangladesh','Dhaka')))
{'Indian': 'Delhi', 'Bangladesh': 'Dhaka'}


If you want to loop through a dict use items() method.

>>> data
{'Kushal': 'Fedora', 'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian', 'parthan': 'Ubuntu'}
>>> for x, y in data.items():
...     print("%s uses %s" % (x, y))
...
Kushal uses Fedora
Jace uses Mac
kart_ uses Debian
parthan uses Ubuntu


Many times it happens that we want to add more data to a value in a dictionary and if the key does not exists then we add some default value. You can do this efficiently using dict.setdefault(key, default).

>>> data = {}
>>> data.setdefault('names', []).append('Ruby')
>>> data
{'names': ['Ruby']}
>>> data.setdefault('names', []).append('Python')
>>> data
{'names': ['Ruby', 'Python']}
>>> data.setdefault('names', []).append('C')
>>> data
{'names': ['Ruby', 'Python', 'C']}


When we try to get value for a key which does not exists we get KeyError. We can use dict.get(key, default) to get a default value when they key does not exists before.

>>> data['foo']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'foo'
>>> data.get('foo', 0)
0


If you want to loop through a list (or any sequence) and get iteration number at the same time you have to use enumerate().

>>> for i, j in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']):
...     print(i, j)
...
0 a
1 b
2 c


You may also need to iterate through two sequences same time, for that use zip() function.

>>> a = ['Pradeepto', 'Kushal']
>>> b = ['OpenSUSE', 'Fedora']
>>> for x, y in zip(a, b):
...     print("%s uses %s" % (x, y))
...
Pradeepto uses OpenSUSE
Kushal uses Fedora


## students.py¶

In this example , you have to take number of students as input , then ask marks for three subjects as ‘Physics’, ‘Maths’, ‘History’, if the total marks for any student is less 120 then print he failed, or else say passed.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
n = int(input("Enter the number of students:"))
data = {} # here we will store the data
languages = ('Physics', 'Maths', 'History') #all languages
for i in range(0, n): #for the n number of students
name = input('Enter the name of the student %d: ' % (i + 1)) #Get the name of the student
marks = []
for x in languages:
marks.append(int(input('Enter marks of %s: ' % x))) #Get the marks for  languages
data[name] = marks
for x, y in data.items():
total =  sum(y)
print("%s 's  total marks %d" % (x, total))
if total < 120:
print("%s failed :(" % x)
else:
print("%s passed :)" % x)


The output

\$ ./students.py
Enter the number of students:2
Enter the name of the student 1: Babai
Enter marks of Physics: 12
Enter marks of Maths: 45
Enter marks of History: 40
Enter the name of the student 2: Tesla
Enter marks of Physics: 99
Enter marks of Maths: 98
Enter marks of History: 99
Babai 's  total marks 97
Babai failed :(
Tesla 's  total marks 296
Tesla passed :)